Species New to Science

Avimaia schweitzerae

Bailleul, O’Connor, Zhang, Li, Wang, Lamanna, Zhu & Zhou, 2019

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09259-x

Reconstruction by Michael Rothman

Abstract

Understanding non-crown dinosaur reproduction is hindered by a paucity of directly associated adults with reproductive traces. Here we describe a new enantiornithine, Avimaia schweitzerae gen. et sp. nov., from the Lower Cretaceous Xiagou Formation with an unlaid egg two-dimensionally preserved within the abdominothoracic cavity. Ground-sections reveal abnormal eggshell proportions, and multiple eggshell layers best interpreted as a multi-layered egg resulting from prolonged oviductal retention. Fragments of the shell membrane and cuticle are both preserved. SEM reveals that the cuticle consists of nanostructures resembling those found in neornithine eggs adapted for infection-prone environments, which are hypothesized to represent the ancestral avian condition. The femur preserves small amounts of probable medullary bone, a tissue found today only in reproductively active female birds. To our knowledge, no other occurrence of Mesozoic medullary bone is associated with indications of reproductive activity, such as a preserved egg, making our identification unique, and strongly supported.

Fig. 1 Photograph and line drawing of the holotype of Avimaia schweitzerae, IVPP V25371.
a Photograph of the partial skeleton with feather impressions, and the crushed preserved egg between the pubes; b interpretive line drawing, with white arrows indicating the two fragments extracted for microscopic analysis with a super-imposed CT-scan revealing the egg and underlying elements of the right pelvis in dorsal (synsacrum) and medial (ilium) view.

Gray denotes bones (darker gray indicating poor preservation), blue denotes the egg, and dark gray denotes feather impressions.

cv caudal vertebra, d digit, dp dorsal process, f fibula, fc fibular crest, fe femur, if ilioischiadic foramen, il ilium, is ischium, l left, mt metatarsal, p pedal phalanx, pu pubis, py pygostyle, r right, ri rib, sy synsacrum, tb tibiotarsus, tm tarsometatarsus, tv thoracic vertebra.

Scale bar is 1 cm.

Photograph of the holotype of Avimaia schweitzerae.

(Image by Barbara Marrs)

Systematic paleontology

Aves Linnaeus, 1758

Pygostylia Chiappe, 2002

Ornithothoraces Chiappe, 1995

Enantiornithes Walker, 1981

Avimaia schweitzerae gen. et sp. nov.

Etymology: The generic name Avi- (bird) maia (mother) refers to the fact the specimen is a female preserved with an egg in the body cavity. Schweitzerae is in honor of Mary Higby Schweitzer for her ground-breaking works on MB and for her role in establishing the field of molecular paleontology.

Holotype: IVPP V25371 (Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology), an articulated partial skeleton with some feather traces, consisting of the caudal half of the axial column, the pelvis, and the hind limbs, mostly exposed ventrolaterally (Fig. 1).

Locality and horizon: Near Changma Village, Yumen City, Gansu Province, northwestern China; Lower Cretaceous (lower–middle Aptian) Xiagou Formation10.

Diagnosis: Small-bodied enantiornithine (robust, cranially forked pygostyle, distal condyles of tibiotarsus contacting medially, J-shaped metatarsal I, metatarsal IV mediolaterally reduced relative to metatarsals III and IV, metatarsal IV trochlea reduced to single condyle) with the following autapomorphies: pubis delicate and strongly curved so that the caudal margin is concave throughout; distal end of ischium dorsally curved.

Reconstruction of the Xiagou Formation with colonial nesting ground of Avimaia schweitzerae.
The female individual dead in the water on the left (with an unlaid egg not visible inside its abdomen), represents the fossilized individual described here.

(Image by Michael Rothman)

Alida M. Bailleul, Jingmai O’Connor, Shukang Zhang, Zhiheng Li, Qiang Wang, Matthew C. Lamanna, Xufeng Zhu and Zhonghe Zhou. 2019. An Early Cretaceous Enantiornithine (Aves) Preserving An Unlaid Egg and Probable Medullary Bone. Nature Communications. volume 10, 1275. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09259-x

New Cretaceous Fossil Sheds Light on Avian Reproduction - english.cas.cn/newsroom/research_news/201903/t20190320_207048.shtml

New Cretaceous fossil sheds light on avian reproduction eurekalert.org/e/933b via @EurekAlert

Trachylepis raymondlaurenti

Marques, Ceríaco, Bandeira, Pauwels & Bauer, 2019

Laurent’s Long Tailed Skink || DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4568.1.3

Photo by Luis M. P. Ceríaco.

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Abstract

Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo are relatively unknown in terms of their herpetological diversity. Based on specimens collected in the Congolese region of the Katanga and the northeast of Angola during the first decades of the twentieth century, de Witte and Laurent independently suggested, based on morphological and coloration differences, that populations of T. megalura of these regions could belong a new “race”. We compared specimens of T. megalura (including the type specimens of T. megalura and T. massaiana) with Angolan and Katangan museum specimens as well as newly collected specimens from Angola. Coloration pattern and morphological characters, in combination with substantial divergence in the 16S mitochondrial gene, confirm the distinctiveness of the west Central African form, and it is here described as a new species. Data regarding its natural history, ecology and global distribution are presented.

Keywords: Reptilia, Taxonomy, Trachylepis raymondlaurenti sp. nov., Cangandala National Park, Upemba National Park, Central Africa, type-specimens, nomenclature

FIGURE 3. Live specimen of Trachylepis megalura (EBG 1408) from Lwiro, South Kivu Province, DRC. Note the prominent white flank stripe.

Photo by Eli B. Greenbaum.

Holotype of Trachylepis raymondlaurenti sp. nov. (CAS 258401) from Cangandala National Park, Angola in life.

Photo by Luis M. P. Ceríaco.

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Trachylepis raymondlaurenti

Marques, Ceríaco, Bandeira, Pauwels & Bauer sp. nov.

Mabuya megalura (de Witte 1953: 107)

Mabuya megalura subsp. (Laurent 1964: 74)

Trachylepis megalura (Broadley & Cotterill 2004: 42 [partim])

Trachylepis cf. megalura (Ceríaco et al. 2016b: 71; 2018b: 423; Marques et al. 2018: 264)

Etymology. The species is named after Raymond F. Laurent (1917–2005), Belgian herpetologist who specialized in African amphibians and reptiles and contributed significantly to current knowledge of the Angolan and Congolese herpetofaunas.

We propose the English name "Laurent’s Long Tailed Skink", the Portuguese name "Lagartixa de Cauda Longa de Laurent", and the French name "Scinque à longue queue de Laurent".

Mariana P. Marques, Luis M. P. Ceríaco, Suzana Bandeira, Olivier S. G. Pauwels and Aaron M. Bauer. 2019. Description of A New Long-tailed Skink (Scincidae: Trachylepis) from Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Zootaxa. 4568(1); 51–68. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4568.1.3

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Asplenium serratifolium Li Bing Zhang & K.W. Xu

in Xu, Zhang, Lu & Zhang, 2018.

DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-108.3.65

Abstract

Asplenium serratifolium (Aspleniaceae), a new fern species from central Vietnam, is described and illustrated. The new species is characterized by plants 10–18 cm tall, laminae pinnatipartite, lobe margins entire or with shallow teeth, and veins simple or forked. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on five plastid markers (atpB, rbcL, rps4, rps4-trnS, and trnL-F) indicate that the new species is closely related to A. ensiforme.

Asplenium serratifolium sp. nov. C. Plant. D. Abaxial lamina. E. Sulcatestipe, adaxial view. F. Stipe scales. G. Adaxial lamina showing the sulcate midrib. H. Portion ofabaxial lamina; red arrow shows the obscure, forked veins.

Asplenium serratifolium Li Bing Zhang & K.W. Xu, sp. nov.

Etymology.— Based on the Latin prefix, serrati-, serrate, and the Latin suffix, -folium, leaf, referring to the saw-toothed laminae of the new species.

Asplenium serratifolium sp. nov. A and B. Habit. C. Plant. D. Abaxial lamina. E. Sulcatestipe, adaxial view. F. Stipe scales. G. Adaxial lamina showing the sulcate midrib. H. Portion ofabaxial lamina; red arrow shows the obscure, forked veins.

Asplenium serratifolium sp. nov. A and B. Habit.

Ke-Wang Xu, Liang Zhang, Ngan Thi Lu, and Li-Bing Zhang. 2018. Asplenium serratifolium (Aspleniaceae), A New Fern Species from Central Vietnam Based on Morphological and Molecular Evidence. American Fern Journal. 108(3); 65-75. DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-108.3.65

researchgate.net/publication/328702330_Asplenium_serratifolium_a_New_Fern_Species_from_Central_Vietnam

Surazomus saturninoae

Ruiz & Valente, 2019

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213268

Abstract

Surazomus saturninoae sp. nov. is described from eastern Amazon. The male has a pentagonal flagellum, similar to those of three other species in the genus. These four species are herein gathered as the arboreus-group of Surazomus. We present a brief synopsis of chaetotaxy description in hubbardiines and several homology proposals for the flagellum of the species in the arboreus-group: the posterior lobes may be homologous to the lateral lobes of hubbardiine species with trilobed flagella; the setal brush with 4–5 setae on the posterior lobe may be composed of one Dl2 seta and enlarged lobular microsetae; the single, median posterior coupling pocket may be homologous to the pair of posterior pockets seen in other hubbardiines; the single, median anterior coupling pocket may be homologous to the pair of pockets on the anterior border of the flagellum seen in other hubbardiines. Based on the morphology of these pockets and the chelicerae within Surazomus, we discuss the anchoring mechanism during the mating march.

Fig 1. Male holotype of Surazomus saturninoae sp. nov.
(A) Lateral view. (B) Dorsal view. (C) Ventral view.

The arboreus-group of Surazomus.

Within Surazomus, four species share features believed to be apomorphic and compose a species group, easily distinguished from the remaining species of the genus and traditionally recognized, but unnamed. To ease the discussion below, we herein propose the use of the informal name “the arboreus-group of Surazomus” to refer to that group.

List of species of the arboreus-group: Surazomus arboreus Cokendolpher & Reddell, 2000; Surazomus manaus Cokendolpher & Reddell, 2000; Surazomus paitit Bonaldo & Pinto-da-Rocha, 2007; and Surazomus saturninoae sp. nov.

Diagnosis. Species of the arboreus-group of Surazomus may be recognized by the males having pentagonal flagellum and bearing only two dorsal coupling pockets: one in front of Dm1 (AP), and another between Dm1 and Dm4 (PP), and by having a single large posterodorsal process on tergite XII (see Cokendolpher & Reddell [2000]: figs 11, 13, 20 and 23; Bonaldo & Pinto-da-Rocha [2007]: figs 2 and 3). Also, females have two pairs of slender, elongated spermathecal lobes with small bulbs followed by terminal constrictions (see Cokendolpher & Reddell [2000]: figs 14, 15, 24 and 25).

Surazomus saturninoae sp. nov.

Diagnosis from other species of the arboreus-group. Male: the overall shape of the flagellum of S.saturninoae sp. nov. is similar to that of S. arboreus, but the flagellum is as wide as long in S. arboreus (see Cokendolpher & Reddell [2000]: figs 11–13), while it is wider than long in S. saturninoae (Fig 6A). Also, the posterior dorsal hood (or dorso-median eminence) of S. arboreus is far from the posterior border of the flagellum, while it is close to the border in S. saturninoae (Fig 9D, in red). The widest portion of the flagellum in S. paitit is close to its middle length (see Bonaldo & Pinto-da-Rocha [24]: figs 2–4), while the widest portion of the flagellum in S. saturninoae is near its anterior border (Fig 6A). The posterodorsal process of abdominal segment XII of S. manaus (see Cokendolpher & Reddell [2000]: figs 20–23) and S. saturninoae (Fig 6A and 6C) is long, but the flagellum of S. manaus has parallel sides with the posterior lobes much longer than the flagellum body, while the flagellum in S. saturninoae has oblique sides and shorter posterior lobes. Female is unknown.

Fig 2. Details of the male holotype of Surazomus saturninoae sp. nov.
(A) Peltidia, dorsal view. (B) Prosomal sterna, leg coxae and pedipalps, ventral view. (C-D) Abdomen: (C) dorsal view, (D) ventral view.

Fig 5. Pedipalp and flagellum of the male holotype of Surazomus saturninoae sp. nov. (A) Detail of left pedipalp, retrolateral view. (B-E) Flagellum: (B) dorsal view, (C) ventral view, (D) dorsolateral view, (E) and lateral view.

Fig 9. Mating march in Surazomus.
(A) Male dragging locked female by the flagellum (note female chelicerae in vertical position). (B) Hypothesis of the anchoring mechanism for the species with paired AP and paired PP (four supporting points). (C) Hypothesis of the anchoring mechanism for S. algodoal (three supporting points); (D) Hypothesis of the anchoring mechanism for the species of the arboreus-group (two supporting points). Color explanation: (green) male flagellum; (pink) female chelicerae (illustrated in lateral view for better visualization of the hypotheses of anchoring machanism); (orange) AP; (blue) PP; (red) hood.

Etymology. The specific epithet honors our friend, arachnologist Dr Regiane Saturnino, who collected the holotype. Noun in genitive case.

Natural history. The single specimen was collected with pitfall trap in primary upland Amazonian Rain forest (Terra Firme) from Bagre, municipality in eastern Amazon, state of Pará, Brazil. Surazomus saturninoae sp. nov. is the third species of the genus collected from eastern Amazon. The two others were also collected from state of Pará, Brazil, S. paitit from the upland Amazonian Rain forest of Caxiuanã, and S. algodoal from the dry forest (Restinga) of Algodoal Island.

Gustavo R. S. Ruiz and Roberta M. Valente. 2019. Description of A New Species of Surazomus (Arachnida: Schizomida), with Comments on Homology of Male Flagellum and Mating March Anchorage in the Genus. PLoS ONE 14(3): e0213268. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213268

Globidens simplex

Leblanc, Mohr & Caldwell, 2019

DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz008

twitter.com/AaronLeBlanc6

Abstract

Durophagous mosasaurs are rare members of Late Cretaceous marine faunal assemblages and new fossil discoveries can shed light on their anatomy, functional morphology and evolutionary history. Here we describe a new species in the durophagous genus Globidens from the Maastrichtian phosphate deposits of Morocco, based on a partial disarticulated skull and cervical vertebral series. This new species shares many anatomical similarities with the only other described Maastrichtian species, G. phosphaticus, but differs in several key features, including the absence of pronounced swellings and sulci on the crushing teeth and the absence of cervical zygosphenes and zygantra. Histological thin sections of a rib from the holotype show that this was not a juvenile individual and reveal osteosclerotic-like bone compactness for the first time in a paddle-bearing mosasaurine. We interpret the highly compact ribs, as well as several peculiarities of the temporal arcade and lower jaws, as adaptations to a diet of benthic, hard-bodied prey.

Keywords: Cretaceous, fossil, Globidensini, histology, Mosasaurinae

Systematic palaeontology

Reptilia Linnaeus, 1758

Squamata Oppel, 1811

Mosasauridae Gervais, 1853

Mosasaurinae Gervais, 1853

Globidens Gilmore, 1912

Globidens simplex Leblanc, Mohr & Caldwell, sp. nov.

Etymology: The epithet simplex is Latin for ‘simple’ or ‘plain’, referring to the simple shapes of the large crushing tooth crowns relative to other species of Globidens, as well as the absence of accessory vertebral articulations (zygosphenes and zygantra) on the cervical vertebrae.

Globidens simplex sp. nov. MHNM.KHG.221, holotype dental series

Partial skull reconstruction of Globidens simplex sp. nov. Grey outline represents hypothetical soft tissue and life reconstruction, in addition to the maxilla and upper tooth row.

Globidens simplex sp. nov. MHNM.KHG.221, holotype rib, general histology.

Aaron R. H. Leblanc, Sydney R. Mohr and Michael W. Caldwell. 2019. Insights Into the Anatomy and Functional Morphology of Durophagous Mosasaurines (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from A New Species of Globidens from Morocco. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. zlz008. DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz008

the inside of a rib of the newly discovered species of shell-crushing mosasaur, Globidens simplex. The ribs are almost completely filled with bone, making them very dense. This may have helped this animal sink to the seafloor and forage for food!

twitter.com/AaronLeBlanc6/status/1108535537143410689

twitter.com/AaronLeBlanc6/status/1109091614872555523

twitter.com/bone_sharpe/status/1108824866868940801

Uvaria botryoides Paiva

in Paiva & Bárrios, 2019.

DOI: 10.1007/s12225-019-9794-5

twitter.com/UGent_Botany

Summary

Uvaria botryoides Paiva, a new species from Angola is described and illustrated. The species distribution is mapped, and its conservation status assessed. It is compared to all species of the genus Uvaria that occur in Angola and a key to Angolan species is presented.

Key Words: Data Deficient, endemic, new taxa, red list, tribe Uvariae

Fig. 1 Uvaria botryoides.
A habit; B fruit; C bud; D flower; E stamen; F carpel; G detail of pubescence on the pedicel surface; H detail from undersurface of petal; J detail from upper surface of petal; K detail from upper surface of leaf; L detail from undersurface of leaf; M calyx; N detail from upper (inner) surface of sepal; P detail from under (external) surface of sepal.

Drawn by Inês S. M. Carneiro.

Uvaria botryoides Paiva sp. nov.

Recognition. This species belongs to a complex, in which the species, Uvaria angolensis Oliv., U. botryoides, U. cuanzensis, U. lucida Benth. and U. versicolor Pierre ex Engl. & Diels are not easy to distinguish without flowers. Uvaria botryoides is the only one with a pubescent stigma.

Jorge Paiva and Sara Bárrios. 2019. Uvaria botryoides (Annonaceae), A New Species from Angola. Kew Bulletin. DOI: 10.1007/s12225-019-9794-5

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Cratopipa novaolindensis

Carvalho, Agnolin, Rolando, Novas, Xavier-Neto, de Freitas & de Andrade, 2019

DOI: 10.1016/j.jsames.2019.03.005

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blogs.diariodonordeste.com.br

Highlights:

• We describe a new species of Pipimorpha from the Crato Formation (Aptian, Early Cretaceous), Araripe Basin, Brazil.

• Cratopipa novaolindensis nov. gen. et sp. is the oldest pipimorph fossil from South America.

• Phylogenetic analysis resulted in the nesting of the new taxon within a unrecognized endemic South American clade.

• The analysis sustains dispersal of pipimorphs through an island chain or continental bridge across the Atlantic Ocean.

Abstract

Pipimorpha is a clade of tongueless anurans with a wide fossil record. Furthermore, the oldest South American fossils come from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Patagonia, Argentina. The aim of the present contribution is to describe a new genus and species of Pipimorpha from the Crato Formation (Aptian, Early Cretaceous), Araripe Basin, Brazil. The new specimen consists of a nearly complete skeleton that shows several anatomical similarities with other fossils from South America. Phylogenetic analysis resulted in the nesting of the new taxon within a previously unrecognized endemic South American clade. Further, some traditional groupings within Pipimorpha were not recognized. The new phylogenetic analysis reinforces previous biogeographical hypotheses sustaining dispersal of pipimorph between Africa and South America through an island chain or continental bridge across the Atlantic Ocean.

Keywords: Crato Formation, Lower Cretaceous, Pipimorpha, Brazil, South America, Africa

Systematic palaeontology

Anura Rafinesque, 1815

Pipoidea Fitzinger, 1843

Pipimorpha Ford and Cannatella, 1993

Cratopipa novaolindensis nov. gen. et sp.

Derivation of the name. Crato, from Crato Formation, the lithostratigraphic unit in which the holotype specimen was found; Pipa, the type genus of the Pipidae family. The specific epithet novaolindensis refers to the county of Nova Olinda, Ceará State, Brazil, the site where the fossil was discovered.

Holotype specimen of Cratopipa novaolindensis nov. gen. et sp. (UFRJDG 05 A).

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Skeletal reconstruction of Cratopipa novaolindensis nov. gen. et sp.

life reconstruction of the Aptian Pipimorpha Cratopipa novaolindensis nov. gen. et sp.

(Art by Deverson da Silva, Pepi).

Ismar de Souza Carvalho, Federico Agnolin, Mauro A. Aranciaga Rolando, Fernando E. Novas, José Xavier-Neto, Francisco Idalécio de Freitas and José Artur Ferreira Gomes de Andrade. 2019. A New Genus of Pipimorph Frog (Anura) from the early Cretaceous Crato Formation (Aptian) and the Evolution of South American Tongueless Frogs. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 92; 222-233. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsames.2019.03.005

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Novo gênero de perereca fóssil é descoberto em Nova Olinda

Batizado de Cratopipa Novaolindesis, a espécime habitou o Cariri há 110 milhões de anos. blogs.diariodonordeste.com.br/cariri/ciencia/novo-genero-de-perereca-fossil-e-descoberto-em-nova-olinda/22810 @diarioonline

twitter.com/amphibiansorg/status/1108741590279962629

This bird hatchling lived in a lake environment and may have been born on the ground like some other extinct enantiornithine birds.

in Kaye, Pittman, Marugán-Lobón, et al., 2019.

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41423-7

Illustration: Julius T. Csotonyi

Abstract

Laser-Stimulated Fluorescence (LSF) is used to identify fully fledged feathering in the hatchling enantiornithine bird specimen MPCM-LH-26189, supporting precocial nesting behavior in this extinct group. The LSF results include the detection of a long pennaceous wing feather as well as cover feathers around the body. The LSF technique showed improved detection limits over and above synchrotron and UV imaging which had both been performed on this specimen. The findings underscore the value of using a wide range of analytical techniques.

Figure 1 Spanish enantiornithine hatchling MPCM-LH-26189.
(A) White light image of the counterslab. (B) Laser-Stimulated Fluorescence (LSF) image of the slab and counterslab combined (composite image) reveals brown patches around the specimen. These comprise of clumps of elongate feathers associated with the neck and wings (upper arrows; see Figs 2 and 3 for close-up images) as well as a single long pennaceous feather associated with the left wing (lower arrow; see Fig. 2E,F for close-up image). (C) White light image of the slab. Scale = 5 mm.

A bird hatchling leaving its nest shortly after birth ~125 million years ago. This baby bird lived in a lake environment and may have been born on the ground like some other extinct enantiornithine birds.

Illustration: Julius T. Csotonyi / HKU Vertebrate Palaeontology Laboratory.

Thomas G. Kaye, Michael Pittman, Jesús Marugán-Lobón, Hugo Martín-Abad, José Luis Sanz and Angela D. Buscalioni. 2019. Fully Fledged Enantiornithine Hatchling Revealed by Laser-Stimulated Fluorescence Supports Precocial Nesting Behavior. Scientific Reports. 9, 5006. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41423-7

Ancient birds out of the egg running phys.org/news/2019-03-ancient-birds-egg.html via @physorg_com

nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03295-9

Procinnus incanus

St Laurent and C. Mielke, 2019

DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.7

Abstract

Two new species of Mimallonidae are described from the Brazilian Cerrado. One species belongs to Procinnus Herbin, 2016 and the second to Micrallo St Laurent and C. Mielke, 2016, both considered to belong to Druenticinae St Laurent and Kawahara, 2018. Procinnus incanus sp. n. is described from Bahia, Goiás, Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais, and São Paulo and is characterized by its wing habitus and male genitalia. Micrallo macro sp. n., the second species to be placed in Micrallo, is described from Minas Gerais. It differs from M. minutus St Laurent and C. Mielke, 2016 by larger size and distinct genitalia of both the male and female. All taxa involved are figured along with their genitalia. Holotypes designated here are deposited in the Coll. Padre Jesus S. Moure, in the Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.

Keywords: Lepidoptera, Druenticini, Mimallonoidea, Neotropical, taxonomy

Ryan A. St Laurent and Carlos G. C. Mielke. 2019. New Species of Procinnus Herbin and Micrallo St Laurent and C. Mielke (Lepidoptera, Mimallonidae, Druenticinae) from the Brazilian Cerrado. Zootaxa. 4571(1); 111–124. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.7

Campanularia hicksoni Totton, 1930

in Àngel & Cantero, 2019.

DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4570.1.1

Abstract

Hydrozoans are a conspicuous component of Antarctic benthic communitites. Recent taxonomic effort has led to a substantial increase in knowledge on the diversity of benthic hydroids from some areas of the Southern Ocean, including the Weddell Sea, the largest sea in the Antarctic region. However, the study of many hydrozoan taxa are still pending, and the diversity in this huge region is expected to be higher than currently known. In order to contribute to the knowledge of taxonomy, ecology and distribution of these cnidarians, a study of unpublished material collected by several German Antarctic expeditions aboard the RV Polarstern in the eastern sector of the Weddell Sea has been conducted. A total of 77 species belonging to 22 families and 28 genera of benthic hydroids have been inventoried, constituting the most prolific collection hitherto analyzed. Most species (81%) belong to Leptothecata, but the observed share of Anthoathecata (19%) is higher than in previous Antarctic hydrozoan studies. Symplectoscyphidae was the most speciose family with 16 representatives (22%), followed by Haleciidae with 10 (14%) and Staurothecidae with 8 (11%). The number of species known in the area was increased with 27 new records, including several species rarely documented. As a result, the Weddell Sea becomes the second Antarctic region in terms of hydrozoan diversity, with 89 species known to date. Novel data on the use of substrate, reproductive phenology, and bathymetric range are provided for the inventoried species.

Keywords: Coelenterata, Biodiversity, Checklist, Cnidome, Hydrozoan, New Records, Southern Ocean

Campanularia hicksoni Totton, 1930,
general view of the colony.

Joan J. Soto Àngel and Álvaro L. Peña Cantero. 2019. Benthic Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Zootaxa. 4570(1); 1–78. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4570.1.1

Echeveria xochipalensis Reyes, de la Cruz-López & Vergara-Silva

in Reyes Santiago, de la Cruz-López & Vergara-Silva, 2019.

DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.399.1.2

Abstract

Echeveria xochipalensis, from the state of Guerrero, Mexico, is described as a new species to science. It is related to species of ser. Gibbiflorae, particularly to both E. fulgens varieties, from which it is distinguished by its green to lilac-gray spatulate leaves, although they commonly are coppery tinged; the leaves are rigid and with entire margin (not crenate), the margin is yellow-hyaline; bracts oblanceolate with rigid consistency; corolla pink at base and orange at the apex and whitish filaments, ovaries and nectary scales.

Keywords: Echeveria, Gibbiflorae, succulents, white leaf scars, Xochipala

Echeveria xochipalensis,

Reyes, de la Cruz-López & Vergara-Silva, sp. nov.

Jerónimo Reyes Santiago, Luis E. de la Cruz-López and Francisco Vergara-Silva. 2019. Echeveria xochipalensis (Crassulaceae), A New Species from Guerrero, Mexico. Phytotaxa. 399(1); 14–24. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.399.1.2

Passiflora menghaiensis X. D. Ma, L. C. Yan & J. Y. Shen

in Ma, Yan, Krosnick, et al., 2019.

DOI: 10.6165/tai.2019.64.97

Abstract

Passiflora menghaiensis (Passifloraceae), a new species from Menghai, Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. The species is placed in Passiflora subgenus Decaloba, supersection Disemma, section Octandranthus. It is compared with two morphologically similar species in section Octandranthus, P. kwangtungensis and P. geminiflora. Passiflora menghaiensis differs from the preceeding species by the combination of two flowers per inflorescence, the outer series of coronal filaments white, the inner series of coronal filaments light green, and puberulous fruit. A complete morphological description of P. menghaiensis is provided, together with line drawings, photographs, a conservation assessment, and a diagnostic key to fourteen species of Passiflora subgenus Decaloba supersection Disemma section Octandranthus from China.

Keyword: China, Decaloba, Disemma, Octandranthus, Passiflora menghaiensis, Passifloraceae, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan

Fig. 2. Passiflora menghaiensis X. D. Ma, L. C. Yan & J. Y. Shen.
A. Habitat. B. Longitudinal section of flower. C. Seed. D. Petiole glandular nectaries. E. Abaxial leaf nectary.

Drawn by Zhen-Long Liang

Fig.1. Passiflora menghaiensis X. D. Ma, L. C. Yan & J. Y. Shen.
A. Front view of flower. B. Later view of flower. C. Habitat. D, Back view of flower. E. Abaxial leaf surface. F. Mature seed. G. Mature fruit.

Photo by Jian-Yong Shen.

Passiflora menghaiensis X. D. Ma, L. C. Yan & J. Y. Shen, sp. nov

Diagnosis: P. menghaiensis can be distinguished from P. kwangtungensis, and P. geminiflora by several morphological features. Passiflora menghaiensis has two flowers per inflorescence, the outer series of coronal filaments are white, the inner series of coronal filaments are light green, and the fruit is puberulous.

....

Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from the type locality, Menghai County, Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Yunnan, China.

Xing-Da Ma, Li-Chun Yan, Shawn E. Krosnick, Ren-Bin Zhu, Ji-Pu Shi and Jian-Yong Shen. 2019. Passiflora menghaiensis, A New Species of Passifloraceae from Yunnan, China. Taiwania. 64(2); 97-102. DOI: 10.6165/tai.2019.64.97

Cnemaspis agarwali

Khandekar, 2019

DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.3.6

Abstract

A new species of the gekkonid genus Cnemaspis is described based on a series of nine specimens from near Sankari in Salem district, Tamil Nadu state, southern India. The new species is diagnosable by the following suite of characters: a small-sized Cnemaspis (adult snout to vent length less than 33 mm); heterogeneous dorsal pholidosis consisting of weakly keeled granular scales intermixed with large strongly keeled, conical tubercles, 9–11 rows of dorsal tubercles, 12–17 tubercles in paravertebral rows; spine-like scales absent on flank, 17–20 lamellae under digit IV of pes. Males with 4–6 femoral pores on each thigh, separated on either side by eight poreless scales from four precloacal pores; precloacal pores separated medially by a single poreless scale; two single dorsal ocelli on occiput and between forelimb insertions, two pairs of ocelli on either side just anterior and posterior to forelimb insertions. Cnemaspis agarwali sp. nov. is the fifth endemic species of Cnemaspis from peninsular India outside the Western Ghats and highlights the rich and unique diversity of this understudied region.

Keywords: Reptilia, Day gecko, endemic, Gekkonidae, taxonomy, Tamil Nadu, peninsular India

Cnemaspis agarwali sp. nov.

Akshay Khandekar. 2019. A New Species of Rock-dwelling Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Tamil Nadu, southern India. Zootaxa. 4571(3); 383–397. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.3.6

Sorbus lushanensis Xin Chen & Jing Qiu

in Qiu, Zhao, Qi & Chen, 2019.

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.119.32148

Abstract

Sorbus lushanensis Xin Chen & Jing Qiu, sp. n. (Rosaceae), a new simple-leaved species belonging to Sorbus subg. Aria sect. Alnifoliae, is described from Anhui and Jiangxi provinces in China. Illustrations, photographs of wild plants and a distribution map are presented. The new species is morphologically similar to S. folgneri, but can be distinguished easily by its abaxially greenish-grey tomentose leaves, scale-like stipules and glabrous styles.

Keywords: Sorbus, new species, taxonomy, China

Figure 1. Holotype of Sorbus lushanensis sp. n.

Scanned by Xiaochen Zhang.

Figure 3. Sorbus lushanensis sp. n.
A flower branch and leaves B flower C petal D styles E stamens F fruit G seed.

Drawn by Yuxuan Bao.

Sorbus lushanensis Xin Chen & Jing Qiu, sp. n.

Diagnosis: Sorbus lushanensis is morphologically most similar to S. folgneri (C. K. Schneid.) Rehd., but differs by its leaf blade abaxially greenish-grey tomentose, stipules smaller, pedicels longer, petals larger and styles glabrous.

Figure 2. Sorbus lushanensis sp. n.
A habit (A plant at Wulao Peak, Lushan National Park, Jiangxi province) B flowering branch and leaves (from the plant of type specimen) C young inflorescence (from the same plant as habit).

Etymology: The name “lushanensis” refers to the type locality, Lushan Mountain, Jiangxi Province, China.

Vernacular name: 庐山花楸 (lu shan hua qiu).

Jing Qiu, Yang Zhao, Qi Qi and Xin Chen. 2019. Sorbus lushanensis, A New Species of Rosaceae from China. PhytoKeys. 119: 97-105. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.119.32148

Impatiens damingensis S. X. Yu, C. Y. Xia & H. P. Deng

in Xia, Gadagkar, Li, Deng & Yu, 2019.

DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.399.3.6

Abstract

Impatiens damingensis S. X. Yu, C. Y. Xia & H. P. Deng, (Balsaminaceae) discovered in Guangxi, China, is described and illustrated here. This species is similar to I. aquatilis Hook.f., but differs from the latter by having blades that are ovate or ovate-lanceolate vs. lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or ovate-oblong; apices of bracts acute vs. glandular awned; apices of lateral sepals mucronulate vs. long mucronulate; and spur slender substraight or slightly incurved vs. incurved. Furthermore, molecular data as well as micro-morphological evidence under SEM (of pollens and seeds) also support the establishment of the new species.

Key words: Balsaminaceae, Impatiens, morphology, new species, phylogeny, SEM

FIGURE 1. Impatiens damingensis S. X. Yu, C. Y. Xia & H. P. Deng.
A. plant; B. bract; C. lateral sepal; D. vexillum; E. wings; F. labellum; G. filaments and anthers; H. ovary; I. capsule. Drawn by Y. B. Sun from S. X. Yu 3227.

FIGURE 2. A–F: Impatiens damingensis S. X. Yu, C. Y. Xia & H. P. Deng. A. Habitat; B. plants; C. flower, lateral view; D. flower, front view; E. flower and capsule; F. flower branch.
G–I: Impatiens aquatilis Hook. f. G. plants; H: flower, lateral view; I: flower, front view.

Impatiens damingensis S. X. Yu, C. Y. Xia & H. P. Deng, sp. nov.

Type. China. Guangxi: Wuming, Damingshan; shade and damp places, Alt. 1220m, 2004-09-02, S. X. Yu 3227 (Holotype, PE; Isotype, IBK), same place, 2002-07-09, Y-G Wei 0205 (IBK).

Diagnosis. Similar to I. aquatilis Hook.f. in having racemose inflorescences, two lateral sepals and ellipsoid seeds, but is different by way of having ovate or ovate-lanceolate blades, acute apices of bracts, mucronulate apices of lateral sepals, and a slender and slightly incurved spur. SEM results also reveal distinct differences in seedcoat and pollen grain micro-morphology when compared to I. aquatilis.

....

Etymology: The specific epithet ‘damingensis’ refers to the locality of the type specimen, Daming Mountain, Wuming County, Guangxi, China.

Chang-Ying Xia, Sudhindra R. Gadagkar, Jin Li, Hong-Ping Deng and Sheng-Xiang Yu. 2019. Impatiens damingensis (Balsaminaceae), A New Species from Guangxi, China. Phytotaxa. 399(3); 239–247. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.399.3.6

Pseudomallada prasinus (Burmeister, 1839)

in Duelli & Obrist, 2019.

DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.4.4

Abstract

Three sympatric morphs of Pseudomallada prasinus (Burmeister, 1839) were hybridized in search of reproductively separated species. In addition, 26 morphological and biological traits were recorded for living and preserved specimens of the three morphotypes.

Cross-breeding experiments showed that the prasinoid morph “marianus” is a different species from either the “greenhead” or “sulfurhead” morphs. All three are morphologically and biologically distinct. “Greenhead” and “sulfurhead” are small to medium sized and deposit eggs singly, without obligatory diapause in the second instar. In most specimens of these two smaller “prasinus” morphs there is a red or brown suture below the antennae, which can fade with age or preservation. P. “marianus” is a large species, depositing bundled eggs, with an obligatory diapause in about half of the L2. In none of the collected or reared P. “marianus” was a red or brown suture below the eyes observed. The forewing sizes of the type specimens of Chrysopa prasina Burmeister, 1839, C. coerulea Brauer, 1851, and C. marianus Navás, 1915 differ significantly from those of C. aspersa Wesmael, 1841 and other, later synonymized type specimens such as C. sachalinensis Matsumura, 1911, C. burri Navás, 1914, C. caucasica Navás, 1914, or C. vernalis Navás, 1926. This strongly suggests that the “marianus” morph is the real P. prasinus and the “greenhead” and “sulfurhead” morphs correspond to P. aspersus or one of the later synonymized species with smaller wing size.

Pseudomallada marianus (Navás, 1905) is confirmed as a synonym of P. prasinus, depositing bundled eggs, whereas smaller prasinoid morphs, depositing single eggs, are not P. prasinus—and are morphologically distinct from P. abdominalis (Brauer, 1856). Pseudomallada aspersus (Wesmael, 1841) is a valid species, but at this point it is not possible to assign it to one of the prasinoid morphs because most of the live color traits are not discernible in old type specimens. A diagnostic description of the “real” P. prasinus can separate almost all P.prasinus specimens, even in museum collections, from P. aspersus (likely to be the “greenhead” morph) and the Mediterranean “sulfurhead”.

Keywords: Neuroptera, species delineation, crossing experiment, reproductive isolation, hybridization, morphotype, lacewings, Chrysopa aspersa, Chrysopa mariana

Pseudomallada prasinus (Burmeister, 1839)

Peter Duelli and Martin K. Obrist. 2019. In Search of the Real Pseudomallada prasinus (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae). Zootaxa. 4571(4); 510–530. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.4.4

Neorthrius haemorrhoidalis (Schenkling, 1906)

in Gerstmeier, 2019.
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4569.1.1

Abstract

The genus Neorthrius Gerstmeier & Eberle, 2011 is taxonomically revised to include sixty-one species. The following thirty-one species are described as new:Neorthrius aduncus n. sp., Neorthrius aurantiacus n. sp., Neorthrius bipunctatus n. sp., Neorthrius bonasus n. sp., Neorthrius brunnorbis n. sp., Neorthrius buteocoloratus n. sp., Neorthrius cechovskyi n. sp., Neorthrius centromaculatus n. sp., Neorthrius chiangmaii n. sp., Neorthrius cornutus n. sp., Neorthrius crassopunctatus n. sp., Neorthrius ebenus n. sp., Neorthrius elegantulus n. sp., Neorthrius fortecruris n. sp., Neorthrius fulvus n. sp., Neorthrius fuscomaculosus n. sp., Neorthrius guttatus n. sp., Neorthrius longulus n. sp., Neorthrius majae n. sp., Neorthrius mariannae n. sp., Neorthrius molestus n. sp., Neorthrius schnitzeli n. sp., Neorthrius serratus n. sp., Neorthrius sexmaculatus n. sp., Neorthrius sigmoideus n. sp., Neorthrius tenuistriatus n. sp., Neorthrius tulipae n. sp., Neorthrius unicolor n. sp., Neorthrius uniformis n. sp., Neorthrius volsella n. sp. and Neorthrius zebrinus n. sp.. The following taxa, described as varietal forms, are raised to the rank of species and transferred from Orthrius Gorham, 1876: Orthrius striatopunctatus var. bimaculatus Schenkling, 1901 and Orthrius striatopunctatus var. brunneus n. syn. = Neorthrius bimaculatus (Schenkling, 1901) n. comb., n. stat.; Orthrius tarsalis var. obscurus Schenkling, 1906 = Neorthrius obscurus (Schenkling, 1906) n. comb., n. stat.; Orthrius posticalis var. nigricollis Corporaal 1926a: 180 = Neorthrius nigricollis (Corporaal, 1926), n. stat., n. comb. The following new synonymies are proposed: Orthrius deboyssyi Pic, 1951 n. syn. is synonymized with Neorthrius crassipes (Chapin, 1928) n. comb. Orthrius nigromaculatus Pic, 1951 n. syn. is synonymized with Neorthrius bimaculatus (Schenkling, 1901) n. comb. Orthrius rufitarsis Pic, 1932 n. syn., n. comb. is synonymized with Neorthrius obscurus (Schenkling, 1906). The following species are transferred to Neorthrius from Orthrius: Neorthrius angusticollis (Schenkling, 1902), n. comb., Neorthrius bengalus (Westwood, 1852) n. comb., Neorthrius bicrucis (Chapin, 1924) n. comb., Neorthrius brachialis (Gorham, 1893) n. comb., Neorthrius carinifrons (Schenkling, 1900) n. comb., Neorthrius crassipes (Chapin, 1928) n. comb., Neorthrius feae (Gorham, 1892) n. comb., Neorthrius grandjeani (Pic, 1932) n. comb.,in Neorthrius haemorrhoidalis (Schenkling, 1906) n. comb., Neorthrius innotatus (Pic, 1925) n. comb., Neorthrius madurensis (Gorham, 1895) n. comb., Neorthrius massiliensis (Pic, 1951) n. comb., Neorthrius octopunctatus (Schenkling, 1906) n. comb., Neorthrius pallidus (Chapin, 1924) n. comb., Neorthrius posticalis (Westwood, 1852) n. comb., Neorthrius pygidialis (Corporaal, 1949) n. comb., Neorthrius sexplagiatus (Schenkling, 1908) ) n. comb., Neorthrius sinensis (Gorham, 1876) n. comb., Neorthrius subfasciatus (Westwood, 1849) n. comb., Neorthrius subscalaris (Pic, 1954) n. comb., Neorthrius subsimilis (White, 1849) n. comb., Neorthrius subunicolor (Pic, 1935) n. comb., Neorthrius sulcatus (Pic, 1926) n. comb., Neorthrius sumatranus (Schenkling, 1899) n. comb., Neorthrius tarsalis (Gorham, 1892) n. comb. A key to species, color photographs of the habitus, the genitalia, the terminal abdominal segments and distribution maps are provided.

Keywords: Coleoptera, Cleridae, Clerinae

Neorthrius haemorrhoidalis (Schenkling, 1906)

Roland Gerstmeier. 2019. Revision of the Genus Neorthrius Gerstmeier & Eberle, 2011 (Coleoptera, Cleridae, Clerinae). Zootaxa. 4569(1); 1-127. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4569.1.1

Albertinia brasiliensis Spreng.

in Loeuille, Semir & Pirani, 2019.

DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.398.1.1

Abstract

A new classification of the subtribe Lychnophorinae is proposed based on the results of phylogenetic analyses. The subtribes Centratherinae and Sipolisiinae are synonyms of Lychnophorinae and three genera (Albertinia, Blanchetia, Gorceixia) are transferred to the subtribe. As now circumscribed, Lychnophorinae comprises 19 genera and 117 species distributed mostly in the Cerrado domain of the Brazilian Central Plateau. Oiospermum is synonymized under Centratherum, and Irwinia under Blanchetia. Because Lychnophora as currently circumscribed is paraphyletic, the genus is dismantled into three monophyletic genera: Lychnophora s.s., Lychnocephalus and a new genus described herein, Lychnophorella. Seven new species are described (Chronopappus lanatus, Lychnophora grisea, L. haplopappa, Lychnophorella jacobinensis, Piptolepis riparia, Prestelia espeletoidea and Proteopsis hermogenesii), 16 new combinations are proposed (Eremanthus reticulatus, E. syncephalus, Lychnocephalus humillimus, L. mellobarretoi, L. sellowii, Lychnophora hatschbachii, Lychnophorella blanchetii, L. bishopii, L. leucodendron, L. morii, L. regis, L. santosii, L. sericea, L. triflora, Piptolepis pabstii, Prestelia purpurascens) as well as eight new synonyms. We also propose a neotype for Ampherephis pulchella, an epitype for Crantzia ovata and lectotypes for 31 names including six second-step lectotypifications (Albertinia brasiliensis, A. polycephala, Ampherephis intermedia, Centratherum fruticosum, Eremanthus leucodendron, E. purpurascens, Gorceixia decurrens, Lychnophora albertinioides, L. brunioides, L. microphylla, L. pohlii, L. reticulata, L. rosmarinus var. affinis, L. rosmarinus var. normalis, L. sellowii, Piptolepis gardneri, Proteopsis sellowii, Symblomeria baldwiniana, Vanillosmopsis albertinioides, V. glomerata, V. pohlii, V. syncephala, Vernonia burchelliana, V. ericoides, V. imbricata, V. involucrata, V. leptospermoides, V. martiana, V. platycephala, V. pseudomyrtus and V. trichocarpha).

Keywords: Centratherinae, classification, Compositae, Sipolisiinae, taxonomy, Eudicots

Albertinia brasiliensis Spreng.

Benoît Loeuille, João Semir and José R. Pirani. 2019. A Synopsis of Lychnophorinae (Asteraceae: Vernonieae). Phytotaxa. 398(1); 1–139. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.398.1.1

Sardinella pacifica

Hata & Motomura, 2019

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.829.30688

Abstract

A new sardine, Sardinella pacifica sp. n., is described on the basis of 21 specimens collected from the Philippines. The new species closely resembles Sardinella fimbriata (Valenciennes, 1847), both species having lateral scales with centrally discontinuous striae, a dark spot on the dorsal-fin origin, more than 70 lower gill rakers on the first gill arch, the pelvic fin with eight rays, and 17 or 18 prepelvic and 12 or 13 postpelvic scutes. However, the new species is distinguished from the latter by lower counts of lateral scales, pseudobranchial filaments, and postpelvic scutes (38–41, 14–19 and 12–13, respectively vs. 44–46, 19–22 and 13–14), and a shorter lower jaw (10.4–11.6% of standard length vs. 11.1–12.2%). Sardinella pacifica sp. n. is known only from the Philippines, whereas S. fimbriata is restricted to the Indian Ocean, although previously considered to be an Indo-West Pacific species, distributed from India to the Philippines.

Keywords: morphology, Sardinella fimbriata, Southeast Asia, taxonomy

Figure 1. Holotype of Sardinella pacifica sp. n., BMNH 1985.4.12.1, 105.1 mm SL, Manila Bay, Luzon Island, Philippines.

Sardinella pacifica sp. n.

Diagnosis: A species of Sardinella with the following combination of characters: caudal fin with black posterior margin; lateral body scales with centrally discontinuous vertical striae, and few perforations and pores posteriorly; 38–41 (modally 38) lateral scales in longitudinal series; body scales deciduous; black spot on dorsal-fin origin; pelvic fin with one unbranched and seven branched rays; gill rakers 40–53 (43) in upper series on 1st gill arch, 71–84 (72) in lower series, 112–137 (118) in total; gill rakers 40–56 (42) in upper series on 2nd gill arch, 70–94 (79) in lower series, 112–148 (115) in total; gill rakers 37–52 (42) in upper series on 3rd gill arch, 57–75 (60) in lower series, 95–127 (99) in total; gill rakers 31–43 (35) in upper series on 4th gill arch, 44–63 (48) in lower, 78–106 (80) in total; gill rakers 30–43 (34) on hind face of 3rd gill arch; 17 or 18 (18) + 12 or 13 (13) = 29–31 (30) scutes on ventral edge of body; anal fin with 18–21 (20) rays; lower jaw rather short, 10.4–11.6% of SL.

...

Distribution: Currently known only from the Philippines.

Etymology: The specific name pacifica (in reference to the Pacific Ocean) is given to distinguish the species from S. fimbriata, with which it had been confused, and which is now considered to be restricted to the Indian Ocean.

Harutaka Hata and Hiroyuki Motomura. 2019. A New Species of Sardine, Sardinella pacifica from the Philippines (Teleostei, Clupeiformes, Clupeidae). ZooKeys. 829: 75-83. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.829.30688

in Bernt, Tagliacollo & Albert, 2019.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.019

Highlights:

• Most species-comprehensive, data-rich phylogeny of the ghost knifefishes to date.

• Multi-locus phylogeny based on three mitochondrial and four nuclear loci.

• Orthosternarchus + Sternarchorhamphus placed sister to all remaining genera.

• Substantial polyphyly within Apteronotus.

• New suprageneric classification for Apteronotidae.

Maxwell J. Bernt, Victor A. Tagliacollo and James S. Albert. 2019. Molecular Phylogeny of the Ghost Knifefishes (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. In Press. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.019

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[Botany • 2019] Passiflora menghaiensis (Passifloraceae) • A New Species from Yunnan, China

[Herpetology • 2019] Cnemaspis agarwali • A New Species of Rock-dwelling Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Tamil Nadu, southern India

[Botany • 2019] Sorbus lushanensis (Rosaceae) • A New Species from China

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[Entomology • 2019] In Search of the Real Pseudomallada prasinus (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae)

[Entomology • 2019] Revision of the Genus Neorthrius Gerstmeier & Eberle, 2011 (Coleoptera, Cleridae, Clerinae)

[Botany • 2019] A Synopsis of Lychnophorinae (Asteraceae: Vernonieae)

[Ichthyology • 2019] Sardinella pacifica • A New Species of Sardine (Clupeiformes, Clupeidae) from the Philippines

[Ichthyology • 2019] Molecular Phylogeny of the Ghost Knifefishes (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae)